Web & Digital Marketing Glossary

A List Apart

History of A List Apart - A List Apart began in 1997 as a mailing list for web designers. - Moderated and published by Jeffrey Zeldman and B…

Adobe Inc.

History and Milestones - Adobe Inc. was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke. - The company started in John Warnock'…

Agent-Based Modeling (ABM)

Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) is a powerful simulation technique used to model interactions of individual agents within a system, providing ins…

AI Agent

An AI Agent is a software program designed to autonomously perform tasks using artificial intelligence. These agents analyze data, learn fro…

AI Planning

AI planning involves the strategic organization and integration of artificial intelligence tools and technologies into projects or workflows…

Algorithm

Definition and History of Algorithms - Algorithms are a finite sequence of rigorous instructions used in mathematics and computer science. -…

ALIWEB

Introduction and Development of ALIWEB - ALIWEB is considered the first Web search engine - First announced in November 1993 by developer Ma…

AltaVista

Origins and Popularity of AltaVista - AltaVista was created by researchers at Digital Equipment Corporations Network Systems Laboratory and …

Arabic

Classification and History of Arabic - Arabic is classified as a Central Semitic language. - Linguists differ on the best classification of …

Array (data structure)

History and Applications of Arrays - First array-sorting program (merge sort) written by John von Neumann in 1945 - Early array indexing don…

ASCII

Overview and History of ASCII - ASCII was developed from telegraph code. - Its first commercial use was in the Teletype Model 33 and Model 3…

Audio search engine

Types of audio search - Audio search from text: User enters text into search bar, compared to database, matching results with descriptions a…

Autonomous Agent

An autonomous agent is a self-operating software program that performs tasks or makes decisions without human intervention. Leveraging artif…

Backlink

Definition and Importance of Backlinks - A backlink is a link from another website to a web resource. - Backlinks are considered references …

Baidu

History and Early Development - Baidu was incorporated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. - Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier s…

Barry Schwartz (technologist)

Biography: - Graduated from Baruch College, City University of New York - Lives in Rockland County, New York - Married with three daughters …

BERT (language model)

Design and Pretraining - BERT is an encoder-only transformer architecture. - BERT consists of three modules: embedding, a stack of encoders,…

Bibliometrics

Definition and History of Bibliometrics - Bibliometrics is the use of statistical methods to analyze books, articles, and other publications…

Binary data

Binary Data Basics - A discrete variable with only one state contains zero information. - The bit, with two possible values, is the standard…

Binary tree

Definition and Recursive Definition of Binary Trees - A binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children. - …

Bing Webmaster Tools

Verification and Submission - Verification methods: MetaTag verification, CNAME record, XML verification, Domain Connect - Submit URLs: Allo…

Black hat (computer security)

Black Hat Hackers - Description: - Criminals who intentionally enter computer networks with malicious intent are known as black hat hackers…

Blogger (service)

History and Redesign - Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs on August 23, 1999. - Google acquired Pyra Labs in February 2003. - Premium feature…

BMW

Company Overview and History - BMW is a German multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles and motorcycles. - The company was founded in 1…

Boolean data type

Generalities about Boolean Data Type - Programming languages like Pascal and Java have a built-in Boolean data type. - Comparison operators …

Brick and mortar

Definition and History of Brick and Mortar - The term 'brick and mortar' is derived from the traditional building materials associated with…

Byte

Definition and Characteristics of a Byte - A byte is a unit of digital information. - It consists of eight bits. - It is the smallest addres…

bzip2

Introduction and Overview - bzip2 is a free and open-source file compression program - It uses the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm - It compresses…

Cabinet (file format)

Design and Structure of CAB Files - CAB archives can contain up to 65,535 folders, each of which can contain up to 65,535 files. - Each fold…

Canonical link element

Purpose and Background - Search engines face the challenge of determining the original source for documents available on multiple URLs. - Co…

CERN

History and Organization of CERN - Convention establishing CERN ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe - CERN origi…

Chain of Thought (CoT) Prompting

Chain of Thought (CoT) Prompting is a powerful technique in artificial intelligence and machine learning designed to enhance problem-solving…

Character encoding

Introduction and History of Character Encoding - Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters. - It allows…

Chinese language

Classification and History - Chinese language is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, along with Burmese, Tibetan, and other languages …

Chromium (web browser)

Licensing and Differences from Google Chrome - Chromium is a free and open-source software project. - The Google-authored portion is shared …

Citation index

History and Major Citation Indexing Services - The earliest known citation index dates back to the 12th century. - Shepards Citations, publi…

Cloaking

Definition and Purpose of Cloaking - Cloaking is a search engine optimization (SEO) technique. - It presents different content to search eng…

CNET

History and Ownership Changes - CNET was founded in 1992 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie. - CNET launched its online platform in June 199…

Collaborative search engine

Models of Collaboration - Intent (explicit and implicit) - Synchronization - Depth of mediation - Task vs. trait - Division of labor and sha…

Comparison of parser generators

Regular languages - Regular languages can be matched by a state machine constructed from a regular expression. - Regular languages can expre…

Competitor backlinking

References - David Amerland (2011), 'SEO Help: 20 Steps to Get Your Website to Google's #1 Page, 2nd Edition' - New Line Publishing - ISBN: …

Compressor (software)

History and Pricing - Compressor was initially part of Final Cut Pro, Soundtrack Pro, Motion, and DVD Studio Pro. - It became part of Final …

Computer data storage

Functionality and Types of Storage - Computers without memory can only perform fixed operations and immediately output results - Von Neumann…

Computer hardware

Computer Hardware Components - Von Neumann architecture is a design architecture for electronic digital computers. - It consists of a proces…

Concordance (publishing)

Definition and Purpose of Concordances - A concordance is an alphabetical list of words used in a book or body of work. - It lists every ins…

Conflation

Definition and Types of Conflation - Conflation is the merging of two or more sets of information, texts, ideas, or opinions into one, often…

Content analysis

Goals and Types of Content Analysis - Goals of Content Analysis: identifying analyzed data, defining data, determining population, consideri…

Content farm

Characteristics and Impact of Content Farms - Some content farms have millions of articles and are valued in the millions of dollars. - Dema…

Context Window

A "Context Window" is an interface feature that offers users relevant information, tools, or options based on their current activity within …

Controlled vocabulary

Controlled Vocabulary in Library and Information Science - Controlled vocabulary is a carefully selected list of words and phrases used to t…

Conversion marketing

Conversion Marketing and its Measures - Conversion marketing focuses on improving site flow, online customer service channels, and the onlin…

Cross-language information retrieval

Introduction to Cross-language Information Retrieval - CLIR is a subfield of information retrieval. - CLIR deals with retrieving information…

CSS

Introduction to CSS - CSS is a style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of documents. - It is used in conjuncti…

Customer lifetime value

Definition and Importance of Customer Lifetime Value - Customer lifetime value (CLV) is a measure of the net profit contributed by a custome…

Danny Sullivan (technologist)

Biography and Early Career - Danny Sullivan was born in 1965 in California. - He graduated from the University of California, Irvine. - Sull…

Data

Etymology and Terminology - The word 'data' is the plural of 'datum,' meaning 'thing given' in Latin. - The first English use of the word 'd…

Data compression

Lossless Compression - Lossless compression is the process of encoding information using fewer bits without losing any information. - Most r…

Database index

Usage and Benefits of Database Indexes - Database indexes improve the speed of data retrieval operations on a table. - Indexes allow for qui…

Desktop search

Desktop Search Technologies - Most desktop search engines build and maintain an index database to improve performance. - Indexing usually ta…

Digital display advertising

Overview and Importance of Display Advertising - Digital display advertising appears on third-party sites or search engine results pages - I…

Digital object identifier

Definition and Purpose of Digital Object Identifier (DOI) - DOI is a persistent identifier used to uniquely identify various objects. - It i…

Distributed computing

Introduction and Overview of Distributed Computing - Distributed system components are located on different networked computers. - Component…

Distributed hash table

History and Properties of Distributed Hash Tables - DHT research was motivated by peer-to-peer systems like Freenet, Gnutella, BitTorrent, a…

Distributed web crawling

Types of Policies - Two types of policies studied by Cho and Garcia-Molina - Dynamic assignment policy allows central server to assign new U…

div and span

Definition and Purpose of div and span - div and span are HTML elements used for structuring and styling web content. - div is a block-leve…

DMOZ

History and Background - DMOZ was founded in the United States as Gnuhoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998. - Chris Tolles, Bryn Dole, a…

DNA

Structure and Function of DNA - DNA is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that form a double helix. - The two DNA strands are m…

Document retrieval

Document Retrieval Systems - Document retrieval systems match text records against user queries - Consist of a database of documents, a clas…

Document-term matrix

Definition and Components of Document-Term Matrix - A document-term matrix is a mathematical matrix that describes the frequency of terms in…

Donald Knuth

Background and Achievements - Donald Knuth is an American computer scientist and mathematician. - He was born on January 10, 1938, in Milwau…

Edward H. Sussenguth Jr

Language-related information - Page contents not supported in other languages - Search for alternative titles or spellings - Titles on Wikip…

Email

Terminology and History - 'Electronic mail' has been in use since 1975 - Variations of the shorter 'E-mail' have been in use since 1979 - 'E…

Email marketing

History and Types of Email Marketing - Email marketing evolved alongside technological growth in the 21st century. - In 1978, the first mass…

English language

Introduction and Global Importance of English - English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family. - It originated in…

Enterprise search

Phases of an enterprise search system - Content goes through various phases from source repository to search results. - Content awareness is…

Eric Bina

Early Life and Education - Born on October 25, 1964, in Champaign, Illinois - Attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Grad…

Evaluation measures (information retrieval)

Background and Importance of Evaluation Measures in Information Retrieval - Indexing and classification methods have a long history in infor…

Extendible hashing

Introduction and Overview of Extendible Hashing - Extendible Hashing is a fast access method for dynamic files. - It is a hash-based indexin…

failed

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

Introduction and Overview - History of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) - Titles and organization of the FRCP - Purpose and scope…

Federated search

Purpose and Process of Federated Search - Federated search allows users to search multiple databases at once in real time. - It provides sin…

Few-Shot Learning

Few-shot learning is an advanced machine learning approach that enables models to make accurate predictions or classifications using only a …

File format

File Format Specifications and Patents - File formats often have published specifications describing encoding methods - Specifications enabl…

File:Search engine optimization.ogg

File Information - This file is a spoken word version of the Wikipedia article on Search Engine Optimization (SEO). - The corresponding arti…

Fine-Tuning

Fine-tuning is the strategic process of refining a website's design, functionality, and performance to achieve the highest standards of qual…

Flash animation

Definition and Format of Flash Animation - Flash animation is created using Adobe Animate or similar software. - It is often distributed in …

Focused crawler

Definition and Purpose of Focused Crawlers - A focused crawler collects web pages that meet specific criteria - Prioritizes the crawl fronti…

Font

Font Basics and Terminology - Etymology: The word 'font' derives from Middle French 'fonte' meaning 'something that has been melted; a casti…

Forbes

Company History and Ownership Changes - Forbes magazine was founded by B.C. Forbes and Walter Drey in 1917. - The original name of the magaz…

Full-text search

Full-text search and indexing - Full-text search is divided into indexing and searching when dealing with a large number of documents or sub…

Gaming the system

Gaming the system in healthcare and public administration - Bevan and Hood (2006) discuss the influence of targets on gaming in the English …

Generative AI Agent

A Generative AI Agent is an advanced software tool powered by artificial intelligence designed to create content, designs, or solutions base…

Geotargeting

Geotargeting and Personalized Content - Geotargeting relies on geographical and personal information provided by the visitor or others. - Ge…

Gerard Salton

Education and Career - Born Gerhard Anton Sahlmann in Nuremberg, Germany - Came to the United States in 1947 and was naturalized in 1952 - R…

Google

History and Early Years - Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin at Stanford University. - The ori…

Google bombing

Definition and History of Google Bombing - Google bombing is a technique used to manipulate search engine rankings. - It involves creating a…

Google Hummingbird

Introduction and History of Google Hummingbird - Google announced Hummingbird in September 2013. - It had been in use for approximately one …

Google Panda

Google Panda Ranking Factors and Updates - Google Panda patent filed in 2012, granted in 2014 - Creates a ratio with inbound links and refer…

Google Penguin

Impact of Google Penguin Updates - Penguin affected approximately 3.1% of search queries in English. - It affected about 3% of queries in la…

Google Search

Google Search Overview - Google Search is a web search engine. - It is available in 149 languages. - Google Search is owned by Google. - It…

Google Search Console

Features of Google Search Console - Submit and check a sitemap - Check the crawl rate and view statistics about Googlebot's access to the si…

Grey hat

Grey Hat Hacking - Definition of Grey Hat: A hacker or computer security expert who may violate laws or ethical standards but lacks malicio…

gzip

GZIP File Format and Implementations - gzip is based on the DEFLATE algorithm, a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. - gzip file format …

Hallucination

In the realm of web design and artificial intelligence, hallucination refers to the phenomenon where AI systems generate information, conten…

Hash function

Overview and Properties of Hash Functions - A hash function takes a key as an input to identify data in a storage and retrieval application.…

Hash table

History and Concepts - Hans Peter Luhn wrote an internal IBM memorandum that used hashing with chaining. - Gene Amdahl, Elaine M. McGraw, Na…

HCL Notes

HCL Notes Features and Components - Provides business collaboration functions such as email, calendars, to-do lists, contact management, dis…

Hitwise

History and Founding of Hitwise - Hitwise was founded in 1997 in Melbourne by Adrian Giles and Andrew Barlow. - Adrian Giles served as Manag…

HTML

Introduction to HTML - HTML is the standard markup language for web content. - It defines the structure and content of web pages. - HTML is …

HTML element

HTML Elements and Structure - HTML elements are components of HTML documents. - HTML elements can add semantics and formatting to parts of a…

HTTP 301

HTTP 301 Examples - Client request: GET /index.php HTTP/1.1Host: www.example.org - Server response: HTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyLocation: …

Human search engine

Human-Based Computation - Human-based computation is a field of study that focuses on utilizing human intelligence to solve computational pr…

Hypertext

Introduction to Hypertext - Etymology - Types and uses of hypertext History of Hypertext - Influences of Jorge Luis Borges and Vannevar Bus…

ID3

ID3v1 and its variations - ID3v1: MP3 standard published in 1995 without a method for storing file metadata - Eric Kemp proposed adding a 12…

Image retrieval

Image Search Methods - Image search is a specialized data search used to find images. - Query terms such as keywords, image file/link, or cl…

Inc. (magazine)

Inc. Magazine Background - Founded in 1979 by Bernie Goldhirsh - American business magazine - Published monthly - Focuses on entrepreneurshi…

Information extraction

History and Significance of Information Extraction - Information extraction dates back to the late 1970s in the early days of NLP. - JASPER,…

Information literacy

Definition and Importance of Information Literacy - The Association of College and Research Libraries defines information literacy as a set …

Information retrieval

Overview and History of Information Retrieval - Information retrieval process begins with a user query - Queries are formal statements of in…

Infoseek

History of Infoseek - Infoseek launched in January 1994 as a pay-for-use service. - The service was dropped in August 1994 and Infoseek was …

Inktomi

Inktomi's History - Inktomi was founded in January 1996 by Eric Brewer and Paul Gauthier at the University of California, Berkeley. - The co…

Instant indexing

Delayed inclusion - Some search engine services may have a delay in including websites in search results. - Delayed inclusion can be caused …

Internet

Terminology and History - The word 'internetted' was used as early as 1849, meaning interconnected or interwoven. - The word 'Internet' was …

Inverted index

Applications of Inverted Index - Inverted index is a central component of search engine indexing algorithms. - It allows for fast full-text …

IP address

IP Address Functions and Versions - An IP address serves two main functions: network interface identification and location addressing. - It …

ISBN

History and Overview of ISBN - The Standard Book Number (SBN) was developed in 1965 by WHSmith. - The ISBN identification format was conceiv…

ISSN

Introduction to ISSN - An ISSN is an eight-digit serial number used to identify a serial publication. - It helps distinguish between serials…

Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)

Background and Career of Jakob Nielsen - Jakob Nielsen was born on October 5, 1957, in Copenhagen, Denmark. - He holds a Ph.D. in human-comp…

Japanese language

Introduction to Japanese Language - Japanese is the principal language of the Japonic language family. - It is spoken by the Japanese people…

JavaScript

History and Development of JavaScript - Mosaic, the first popular web browser with a graphical user interface, was released in 1993. - The N…

Jill Whalen

Early life and education - Jill Whalen grew up in Framingham, Massachusetts. - She graduated from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. -…

Key Word in Context

Key Word In Context (KWIC) - KWIC is the most common format for concordance lines. - The term KWIC was coined by Hans Peter Luhn. - KWIC ind…

Keyword density

Definition and Importance of Keyword Density - Keyword density is the percentage of times a keyword or phrase appears on a web page compared…

Kurt Mehlhorn

Education and Career - Graduated in 1971 from the Technical University of Munich - Studied computer science and mathematics - Earned Ph.D. i…

Language

Introduction to Language - Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. - It is the primary mea…

Language identification

Statistical approaches to language identification - Statistical approaches use different techniques to classify data. - Mutual information b…

Large Language Model (LLM)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advanced artificial intelligence systems designed to process and generate human-like text. Leveraging vast …

Larry Page

Early life and Education - Lawrence Edward Page was born on March 26, 1973, in Lansing, Michigan. - His mother is Jewish and his maternal gr…

Latent semantic analysis

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) - LSA is a technique in natural language processing that analyzes relationships between documents and the ter…

LaTeX

History and Overview - LaTeX was created in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport. - Lamport initially developed LaTeX for his own use. - Peter …

Lex (software)

Open source and Versions - Some versions of Lex are now open-source. - Open-source versions of Lex are distributed with open-source operatin…

Lexical analysis

Lexical Analysis and Components - Rule-based programs perform lexical tokenization. - Lexical analysis involves the use of lexers and parser…

Link building

Types of Links - Editorial link: Links attracted through good content and marketing strategies, naturally given by other website owners, in…

Link exchange

What is a link exchange? - A link exchange is a confederation of websites that operates similarly to a web ring. - Webmasters register their…

Link farm

Definition and Purpose of Link Farms - Link farms are groups of websites that hyperlink to each other to increase SEO rankings. - They can b…

List of archive formats

Archiving only formats - Unix Archiver (.a, .ar) - cpio (.cpio) - Shell archive (.shar) - CP/M (.LBR) - ISO-9660 image (.iso) Compression o…

List of search engines

General Search Engines - Ask.com - You.com - Leit.is - Miner.hu (defunct) - Najdi.si Accountancy Search Engines - IFACnet Business Search …

Literacy

Definitions and uses of the term literacy - World illiteracy halved between 1970 and 2015. - The diversity among the definitions of literacy…

Local search (Internet)

Evolution of Local Search - Local search is the natural evolution of traditional off-line advertising. - Consumers used to rely on local new…

Marc Andreessen

Early Life, Education, and Career - Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa and raised in New Lisbon, Wisconsin - Son of Patricia and Lowell Andreessen - …

Mark Overmars

Education and Career - Mark Overmars received his Ph.D. in 1983 from Utrecht University. - He was a member of the faculty at Utrecht Univers…

Matt Cutts

Education - Completed high school at Rowan County Senior High School in Morehead, Kentucky - Received a bachelor's degree in computer scienc…

Merge (SQL)

Usage and Functionality of MERGE statement - MERGE statement is used to update or insert data into a table based on specified conditions. - …

Meta element

Meta Elements and their Usage in SEO - Meta elements can specify HTTP headers for the HTML page served from the web server to the client. -…

Metadata

History and Definition of Metadata - Metadata was used in traditional card catalogs in libraries until the 1980s - In the 2000s, metadata st…

Metasearch engine

Uses and Advantages of Meta Search Engines - Researchers and students use meta search engines to access a wider range of sources for compreh…

Microsoft Bing

History and Background (1998–2009) - Microsoft launched MSN Search in 1998, using search results from Inktomi. - Windows Live Search was unv…

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel Features and Functions - Developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, and iPadOS - Offers calculation and comput…

Microsoft PowerPoint

History and Acquisition of PowerPoint - Created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at Forethought, Inc. - Released on April 20, 1987, initi…

Microsoft Windows

Windows NT - Windows NT is an operating system for server computers and workstations. - It has three subfamilies that share the same kernel.…

Microsoft Word

History and Origins of Microsoft Word - Microsoft Word was first released on October 25, 1983, under the name 'Multi-Tool Word' for Xenix sy…

Mobile local search

Technology and Access Methods - Mobile local search involves GPS tracking, which may raise privacy concerns. - Only 10% of mobile devices wo…

Multi-Agent System (MAS)

A Multi-Agent System (MAS) consists of a network of autonomous agents that interact and collaborate to achieve specific goals or solve compl…

Multi-model Inputs

In web design, multi-model inputs refer to the ability of a system or interface to accept and process data froIn web design, multi-model inp…

Multilingualism

Multilingualism - The word 'multilingual' was first used in the English language in the 1830s. - Multilingualism has existed as long as diff…

Multimedia

Definition and Components of Multimedia - Multimedia is a form of communication that combines different content forms such as writing, audio…

Multimedia search

Metadata search and Query by example - Search is made using layers in metadata - Metadata contains information of multimedia file content - …

Multisearch

Definition and Features of Multisearch - Multisearch combines search engine and metasearch engine characteristics. - It allows retrieval of …

n-gram

Definition and Types of N-grams - An n-gram is a sequence of adjacent symbols in a particular order. - The symbols can be adjacent letters, …

Named-entity recognition

Named-entity recognition platforms and evaluation - GATE, OpenNLP, SpaCy, Transformers, Stanford NER, and NLTK are notable NER platforms - P…

Natural language processing

History and Evolution of NLP - Natural language processing (NLP) has its roots in the 1950s. - Alan Turing proposed the Turing test as a cri…

Natural-language user interface

Natural-language search engines - Wikipedia is one of the oldest search engines. - Lexxe closed its search engine services in 2015. - Pikima…

Naver

History and Services of Naver - Naver was founded in June 1999 as the first South Korean portal website with a self-developed search engine.…

Neural Network

A neural network is a sophisticated type of machine learning model inspired by the intricate structure of the human brain. Comprising layers…

nofollow

Concept and specification - The 'nofollow' value was suggested to combat comment spam in blogs. - It was proposed by Google's Matt Cutts and…

Offline reader

Website-mirroring software - Website-mirroring software allows for the download of an entire website to the local hard disk for offline brow…

Online advertising

History of Online Advertising - Rise of digital advertising and decline of print media in advertising revenue as a percent of US GDP since 1…

Online identity management

Aspects and Objectives of Online Identity Management - OIM is a part of search engine optimization, focusing on improving traffic to sites r…

Online search

Online Search Methods - Z39.50 - Search/Retrieve Web Service - Search/Retrieve via URL - OpenSearch Related Concepts - Representational Sta…

OpenSearch

Introduction to OpenSearch - OpenSearch is a collection of technologies for publishing search results in a syndication and aggregation forma…

Organic linking

Definition and Importance of Organic Linking - Organic linking is a marketing strategy that involves creating high-quality content. - It att…

PageRank

Definition and Purpose of PageRank - PageRank is a link analysis algorithm that assigns numerical weights to elements in a set of hyperlinke…

Paid inclusion

Definition and Examples of Paid Inclusion - Paid inclusion can take many forms. - Examples of paid inclusion include programs where only pai…

Parsing

Traditional and Computational Methods of Parsing in Human Languages - Parsing involves breaking down a text into its component parts of spee…

Part of speech

Definition and Variation of Parts of Speech - Parts of speech are categories of words with similar grammatical properties and behavior. - Co…

Part-of-speech tagging

Part-of-speech tagging basics and techniques - Part-of-speech tagging is the process of marking up a word in a text as corresponding to a pa…

Partition (database)

Partitioning criteria and methods - Range partitioning selects a partition based on a certain range of values for the partitioning key. - Li…

Pay-per-click

Purpose and Construction of Pay-per-click - Assess cost-effectiveness and profitability of internet marketing - Drive the cost of running an…

PDF

History and Standardization of PDF - Adobe Systems released the PDF specification in 1993. - PDF was initially popular in desktop publishing…

Postings list

Structure of Postings List - Postings list consists of posting elements - Posting elements contain document identifier (DocID) - Posting ele…

PostScript

History and Evolution of PostScript - PostScript language seeded in 1976 by John Gaffney at Evans & Sutherland - Xerox PARC researchers deve…

Prompt Engineering

Prompt engineering is the process of designing and refining input prompts to enhance the performance of AI models, particularly in natural l…

ProQuest

ProQuest's Business Operations and Offerings - Founded as University Microfilms in 1938 - Publishes doctoral dissertations and theses - Desi…

Race condition

Race Conditions in Electronics - Race conditions can occur when logic gates combine signals from different paths. - Inputs to the gate can c…

Random access

Definition and Comparison - Random access is the ability to access any element of a sequence in equal time. - It allows for accessing data f…

Ranking (information retrieval)

Ranking Algorithms - PageRank: Originated in the 1940s, developed by Wassily Leontief in economics. - Endorsement Ranking: Developed by Char…

RAR (file format)

RAR File Format Overview - RAR is a proprietary archive file format developed by Eugene Roshal in 1993. - It supports data compression, erro…

Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a machine learning technique where an agent learns to make decisions by interacting with its environment. Thr…

Relevance (information retrieval)

Definition and Importance of Relevance in Information Retrieval - Relevance is a key concept in information retrieval. - It refers to the de…

Replication (computing)

Terminology and Models of Replication - Replication in computing can refer to data replication or computation replication. - Data replicatio…

REST

Principles and History of REST - REST is a software architectural style that defines constraints for distributed hypermedia systems. - REST …

Return on investment

Definition and Calculation of Return on Investment (ROI) - ROI is a measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investmen…

Ricoh

History and Corporate Changes - Founded in 1936 as Riken Sensitized Paper - Headquarters moved to Chūō, Tokyo in 2006 - Introduced their fir…

robots.txt

History and Standardization of robots.txt - Proposed by Martijn Koster in February 1994 - Proposed on the www-talk mailing list - Provoked b…

Root directory

Root Directory in Unix-like systems - Unix abstracts the nature of the tree hierarchy. - The root directory is denoted by the slash sign (/)…

RSS

Introduction and History of RSS - RSS is a web feed that allows users and applications to access updates to websites in a standardized, comp…

San Jose, California

History and Naming - San Jose is named after el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the city's predecessor. - The spelling of the city's name w…

Sandhya Dwarkadas

Education and Dissertation - Educated at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras - Educated at Rice University - Completed Ph.D. at Rice i…

Scraper site

Examples of scraper websites - Search engines like Google scrape content from other websites to present it to their users. - Some dating web…

Search aggregator

History and Functional Overview - Search aggregation became available in 2006. - Amazon published the OpenSearch specification in 2005. - Op…

Search by sound

Acoustic fingerprinting and its applications - Acoustic fingerprinting is the method used by apps like Shazam and Soundhound to search by so…

Search engine

Definition and Functionality of Search Engines - Software system that finds web pages matching a search query - Systematically searches the…

Search engine (computing)

How search engines work and their categories - Search engines provide an interface for users to specify criteria for finding matching items.…

Search engine indexing

Indexing and Index Design Factors - Purpose of storing an index is to optimize speed and performance in finding relevant documents for a sea…

Search engine marketing

Market and Statistics - In 2007, U.S. advertisers spent US $24.6 billion on search engine marketing. - Google (73.7%) and the Yahoo/Bing (26…

Search engine optimization

Definition and Importance of SEO - SEO is the process of improving website traffic from search engines. - It targets unpaid traffic, such a…

Search engine results page

Components of the Search Engine Results Page (SERP) - Organic search results - Advertisements - Enhanced results (rich snippets, images, map…

Search Engine Watch

Overview and History of Search Engine Watch: - Search Engine Watch provides news and information about search engines and search engine mark…

Search neutrality

Background and Definition of Search Neutrality - Search neutrality was mentioned in an academic paper by Andrew Odlyzko in March 2009. - The…

Search/Retrieve via URL

SRU and SRW - SRU is a standard search protocol for Internet search queries. - It utilizes Contextual Query Language (CQL), a standard query…

Search/Retrieve Web Service

Search/Retrieve Web Service - Example usage - Z39.50 - Search/Retrieve Web Service - Search/Retrieve via URL - OpenSearch - Representational…

Selection-based search

Operation and Variability of Selection-based Search Systems - Selection-based search systems create a semantic database of trained terms. - …

Self-Improving AI

Self-improving AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that are designed to autonomously enhance their performance and capabilities ove…

Semantic Scholar

Semantic Scholar Overview and Features - Semantic Scholar is a search engine for scientific research papers. - It provides a one-sentence su…

Semantic search

Definition and Purpose of Semantic Search - Semantic search focuses on understanding the meaning of search queries. - It aims to improve sea…

Serge Abiteboul

Education and Career - Attended high school in Romorantin - Studied at the Higher School Preparatory Classes in Tours - Admitted to the Télé…

Sergey Brin

Early Life, Education, and Co-founding Google - Sergey Brin was born in Moscow, Soviet Union in 1973. - His family immigrated to the United …

Seznam.cz

History, Ownership, and Investments of Seznam.cz - Founded in 1996 by Ivo Lukačovič in Prague - Started as the first web portal and search e…

Site map

Types of Sitemaps - Sitemap of links from the English Wikipedia's Main Page - Sitemap of Google in 2006 - User-visible sitemaps for hierarch…

Sitemaps

History and Purpose of Sitemaps - Google introduced Sitemaps 0.84 in June 2005 - Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft announced joint support for t…

Social media optimization

Definition and Importance of Social Media Optimization (SMO) - SMO is the use of various outlets and communities to generate publicity for a…

Social search

Definition and Overview of Social Search - Social search is a behavior of retrieving and searching on a social searching engine that mainly …

Sorting algorithm

History and Classification of Sorting Algorithms - Sorting problem has attracted research since the beginning of computing - Betty Holberton…

Spamdexing

Overview and History of Spamdexing - Search engines use algorithms to determine relevancy ranking. - Algorithms check for spamdexing and may…

Sparse matrix

Definition and Properties of Sparse Matrices - A sparse matrix is a matrix in which most of the elements are zero. - There is no strict defi…

Speech segmentation

Speech segmentation models and their importance - Whole-word access model - Decomposition model - Combined whole-word and decomposition mode…

Spider trap

Definition and Purpose of Spider Traps - Spider traps are sets of web pages that can cause web crawlers to make infinite requests or crash. …

Standard Generalized Markup Language

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) - SGML is an ISO standard: ISO 8879:1986 Information processing– Text and office systems– Standa…

Stanford University

Establishment and Early Years - Founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford - Opened in 1891 on Stanford's Palo Alto farm - Modeled after Co…

StatCounter

Overview and Usage - StatCounter is a web traffic analysis website launched in 1999. - Access to basic services is free, while advanced serv…

Stemming

Introduction to Stemming - Stemming is the process of reducing inflected words to their word stem. - Stemming is used in linguistic morpholo…

Stop word

History of stop words - Predecessor concept used in creating concordances - Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymuss Meir Nativ's Hebrew concordance incl…

Suffix array

Suffix Arrays and their Construction - A suffix array is a sorted array of all suffixes of a string. - Suffix arrays were introduced as an a…

Suffix tree

Definition and Purpose of Suffix Trees - Suffix trees are data structures used in computer science. - They represent the suffixes of a given…

Sunset provision

Origin and Historical Context of Sunset Provisions - Sunset provisions originated in Roman law of the mandate and were later codified in the…

Swarm Intelligence

Swarm intelligence refers to the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, typically made up of individuals working toge…

Swarm Intelligence

Swarm intelligence refers to the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, often composed of simple agents working syner…

Symbolic AI

Symbolic AI is a branch of artificial intelligence that utilizes symbols and rules to represent and process knowledge. Unlike machine learni…

tar (computing)

History and Evolution of Tar - Tar was first introduced in Version 7 Unix in January 1979, replacing the tp program. - The file structure fo…

Text corpus

Overview of Text Corpora - A corpus may contain texts in a single language, known as a monolingual corpus. - A corpus may also contain text …

Text mining

Introduction to Text Mining and Text Analytics - Text mining is the process of deriving high-quality information from text. - It involves au…

Text segmentation

Text Segmentation - Segmentation problems - Word segmentation is the process of dividing a string of written language into its component wo…

Text-based web browser

Definition and Benefits of Text-based Web Browsers - Text-based web browsers render only the text of web pages and ignore most graphic conte…

The Art of Computer Programming

History and Development of "The Art of Computer Programming" - Donald Knuth's education and early career at Burroughs Corporation - Proposal…

The Guardian

History and Ownership - The Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by John Edward Taylor and the Little Circle. - It merged with the Bri…

The New York Times

History and Background - The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded in 1851. - It is published by The New York Times Company.…

The Wall Street Journal

History and Milestones - The Wall Street Journal was first published on July 8, 1889. - Dow Jones & Company News Service was launched in the…

Tim Berners-Lee

Early Life and Education - Tim Berners-Lee was born on 8 June 1955 in London. - His parents were mathematicians and computer scientists. - H…

Tokens

Design tokens are fundamental building blocks in web and application design that ensure consistency and cohesion across digital products. Th…

Top-level domain

History and Evolution of Top-Level Domains - Top-level domain space originally organized into three main groups: Countries, Categories, and …

Tortious interference

Tortious Interference with Contract Rights - Occurs when one party persuades another to breach its contract with a third party - Can involve…

Traffic Power

Tips to Boost Website Visitors - Check website analytics regularly - Optimize website for mobile devices - Improve website loading speed - C…

Translation

Translation and its History - Etymology of the word translation - Different calquing patterns in Slavic languages - Translation theories and…

Trie

History, etymology, and pronunciation - Trie was first abstractly described by Axel Thue in 1912 - René de la Briandais described tries in a…

Typeface

Definition and Variations of Typeface - A typeface is a design of letters, numbers, and symbols used in printing or electronic display. - Mo…

United States district court

Establishment and Structure of District Courts - District courts were established by Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789. - The U.S. …

United States District Court for the Northern District of California

Jurisdiction and Location - The United States District Court for the Northern District of California has jurisdiction over counties such as …

Unix

Overview and History of Unix - Unix is a family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems. - It was developed in 1969 at the Be…

URL

History - Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) were defined in RFC1738 in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee and the URI working group of the Internet Eng…

Usenet

Introduction and Usenet Structure - Usenet was conceived in 1979 and established in 1980. - It is one of the oldest computer network communi…

User intent

Optimizing for User Intent - Creating content that satisfies user queries increases search engine ranking. - Keyword research helps determin…

Vertical search

Benefits of Vertical Search - Greater precision due to limited scope - Leverage domain knowledge including taxonomies and ontologies - Suppo…

Victor Vianu

Background and Career - Victor Vianu is a computer scientist. - He is a professor of computer science and engineering at the University of …

Video search engine

Utility and Challenges of Video Search Engines - Increasing creation of audiovisual content - Need to manage audiovisual content properly - …

Virtual assistant

History and Evolution of Virtual Assistants - Radio Rex, the first voice-activated toy, was patented in 1916 and released in 1922. - Bell La…

Voice search

Methods of Voice Searching - Click on the voice command icon - Call out the name of the virtual assistant - Click on the home button or gest…

Wayback Machine

Wayback Machine History and Functionality - The Wayback Machine began archiving cached web pages in 1996. - Internet Archive founders Brewst…

Web accessibility

Assistive Technologies and Guidelines for Web Accessibility - Assistive technologies used for web browsing: screen reader software, braille …

Web analytics

Web Analytics Process and Technologies - Basic steps of the web analytics process - Collection of data - Processing of data into metrics - D…

Web archiving

History and Development of Web Archiving - The Internet Archive, founded in 1996, was one of the first large-scale web archiving projects. -…

Web browser

Introduction to Web Browsers - Definition of a web browser - Purpose of a web browser - Key role in accessing the internet - Differentiating…

Web crawler

Web Crawler Overview and Policies - A web crawler is also known as a spider, ant, automatic indexer, or Web scutter. - A web crawler starts …

Web hosting service

History and Classification of Web Hosting Services - Internet restricted to research and education until 1991 - Limited web pages until end …

Web indexing

Definition and Importance of Web Indexing - Web indexing is the process of indexing the contents of a website or the entire internet. - It i…

Web query

Types of Web Queries - Informational queries cover broad topics and can have thousands of relevant results. - Navigational queries seek a si…

Web query classification

Importance and Challenges of Web Query Classification - Web query classification is a problem in information science that assigns a Web sear…

Web scraping

History and Techniques of Web Scraping - Web scraping dates back to the birth of the World Wide Web in 1989. - The first web robot, World Wi…

Webmaster

Responsibilities of a webmaster - Creating, editing, and publishing website content - Managing content placement on the website - Maintainin…

Website promotion

Techniques for website promotion - Search engine optimization (SEO) - Search engine submission - Social media marketing - Viral marketing th…

White hat (computer security)

History and Tactics of White Hat Hacking - One of the first instances of ethical hacking was a security evaluation conducted by the United S…

Whitespace character

Introduction and Overview of Whitespace Characters - Whitespace characters are used to represent spaces, tabs, and line breaks in computer p…

Wide area information server

History and Development of WAIS - WAIS protocol and servers were promoted by Thinking Machines Corporation (TMC) of Cambridge, Massachusetts…

Wired (magazine)

History and Ownership - Founded by Louis Rossetto, Jane Metcalfe, and Ian Charles Stewart in 1993 - Initial backing from software entreprene…

World Wide Web

Overview and History - The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information system that enables content sharing over the Internet. - It allows access …

XML

Overview and Applications of XML - XML is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. - …

Yacc

- Developed by Stephen C. Johnson at Bell Labs / AT&T in the early 1970s - Created to insert an exclusive or operator into a B language comp…

Yahoo!

Yahoo's History and Acquisitions - Yahoo was founded in January 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo as a website called 'Jerry and David's Gui…

Yahoo! Directory

Yahoo! Directory Overview - Web directory owned by Yahoo! - Launched in January 1994 - Rivaled DMOZ in size - Started as 'Jerry and Davids G…

Yahoo! Japan

History and Industry Affiliations - Yahoo! Japan was founded in 1996 as a joint venture between SoftBank and Yahoo! Inc. - It went live on A…

Yandex

Company Overview and Market Presence - Yandex is a Russian multinational technology company that provides Internet-related products and serv…

Z39.50

Z39.50 Protocol Overview - Z39.50 is an international standard client-server, application layer communications protocol. - It is used for se…

Zero-Shot Learning

Zero-shot learning is a cutting-edge machine learning technique that empowers models to make accurate predictions or classifications for tas…

ZIP (file format)

Introduction, History, and Standardization of ZIP file format - ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. - ZIP…